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A Study on Multi Wireless Technologies – Architectures and Security Mechanisms

A Study on Multi Wireless Technologies – Architectures and Security Mechanisms

 

Dr.Hari Ramakrishna

Professor, Department of CSE,

Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of technology

Gandipet -500 075, Hyderabad,

dr.hariramakrishna@rediffmail.com

K.Ravi

Asst. Professor

Dept. of Informatics

Alluri Institute of Management Sciences

kolipakaravi@yahoo.co.in

ABSTRACT

Years are going and the Wireless Communication medium is changing its structure is also changing. In this paper, we focus four types of wireless communication technologies. This paper describes the architectures of these four technologies with there security issues.

All these four models have there different structures and have different mechanisms to handle the data communication between the stations. In this paper we also defined the IEEE 802.1X standards for the four different models and there mechanisms.

Keywords: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, WiMAX, Networks, IEEE 802.1X, Security, Architecture

1. INTRODUCTION

Today wireless is becoming the leader in communication choices among users. It is not anymore a backup solution for nomadic travelers but really a new mood naturally used everywhere even when the wired communications are possible. Many technologies evolve then continuously, changing the telecommunication world. In this paper we consider four wireless technologies with there architectures and security aspects. The four wireless technologies are:

 

1)       Wi-Fi

2)       Bluetooth

3)       ZigBee

4)       WiMAX

In this paper we can see the IEE 802.1X standard wireless communication models for these wireless technologies. There are many models but we can few of them. We can also see the advantages over the previous technologies in different aspects. Final this paper cover the security issues in these technologies

2. IEEE 802.11 ARCHITECTURE FOR Wi-Fi

 

The IEEE 802.11 standard defines three modes for Wi-Fi wireless Technology

 

1)       Infrastructure Mode

2)       Ad hoc Mode

3)       Mesh Mode

2.1 INFRASTRUCTURE MODE

Within the infrastructure mode, the wireless network consists of at least an access point (AP) connected to the fixed network infrastructure and a set of wireless client stations. This configuration is based on a cellular architecture where the system is subdivided into cells. Each cell in the IEEE 802.11.

 

The stations within a base stations (BSS) execute the same MAC protocol and compete for access to the same shared wireless medium. We can refer to it in the following sections as a cell. Although a WLAN may be formed by a single cell, the maximum distance between stations is limited by many factors like RF output power and the propagation conditions of the indoor/outdoor environments. To provide for an extended coverage area, multiple BSSs are used where the APs are connected through a backbone called a distribution system (DS).

 

The whole interconnected WLAN including at least two different BSSs (with respect to their APs) and the DS, is seen as a single logical IEEE 802 network to the logical link control (LLC) level and is called an Extended Service Set (ESS). The majority of WLANs should be able to reach the fixed LAN services (file servers, printers and Internet access). The DS is responsible of transporting the packets between various cells within the ESS area. Data transfers occur between stations within a BSS and the DS via an AP. DS handles address mapping and networking functions.

 

 

 

Figure 1: Infrastructure mode in IEEE 802.11 for Wi-Fi

BSSs may partially overlap. This is commonly used to cover an extended area. BSSs could be physically disjointed or collocated. To provide flexibility to the WLAN architecture, IEEE 802.11 logically separates the wireless medium from the DS medium. The DS can correspond to an Ethernet network, Token Ring, FDDI or any other communication network such as a wireless IEEE 802.11 point to point.A wide zone ESS can also provide to the various client stations an access towards a fixed network, such as Internet. Before any communication can be set within a BSS, the wireless client stations must execute an association with the AP.

2.2 AD HOC MODE:

The ad hoc mode (Figure 2.6) simply represents a group of IEEE 802.11 wireless stations that communicate directly between them without having a connection with an AP or a connection to a fixed network through the DS. This configuration is sometimes referred as a peer-to-peer configuration. Each station can establish a communication with any other station in the cell which is called an independent cell Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS). These networks have been studied at the beginning of the 1970s and were named packet radio networks (PRNET).

 

 

 

Figure 2: Ad hoc mode

This mode allows to create quickly and simply a wireless network where there is not fixed infrastructure or where such an infrastructure is not necessary for the required services (hotel room, conference centers or airport), or finally when the access to the fixed network is prohibited or difficult.

 

Ad hoc wireless networks have emerged as a category of wireless networks that utilize multihop radio relays and are capable of operating in a self-organizing and self-configuring manner without the support of any fixed infrastructure. The principle behind ad hoc networking is multihop relaying, which was studied in the past under the name of PRNET in relation to defence research carried by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).

 

2.3 MESH MODE

The third type defines a hybrid configuration combining infrastructure and ad hoc modes

 

2.4 Wi-Fi SERVICES

The IEEE 802.11 standard Wi-Fi technology architecture supports a series of basic services that are:

 

Ø       Association/disassociation  / resuscitation

Ø       Delivery of the MAC/MSDU frames

Ø       Authentication/deauthentication

Ø       Diffusion and broadcast

Ø       Beacon and probing

Ø       Privacy/confidentiality

Ø       Higher-layer timer synchronization/QoS traffic scheduling

Ø       Radio measurements

3. IEEE 802.15.1 ARCHITECTURE FOR BLUETOOTH

Bluetooth communication requires two preliminary things: first we have to know the devices in the neighborhood and second there must be a pre established circuit. Communication is also based on a master–slave principle. A group of equipments forms a cell called piconet.

 

A piconet comprises a master and seven slaves at the maximum. Several piconets can overlap and form a “scatternet” (see Figure 3.3). In a piconet the communication is based on the master to harmonize the frequencies and channels. We know the neighbors through the discovery phase while in a scatternet there is a need to route data between masters and relay nodes.

 

 

 

Figure 3: IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth Master/Slave Architecture

Two slave devices cannot talk directly to each other except during the discovery phase. Channel allocation and communication establishment are under the responsibility of the master. Although there was a limitation in earlier versions of Bluetooth on the number of simultaneous channels in a piconet, it is removed from the current version as the cell capacity has increased significantly. The standard supports also broadcast by simply removing the destination from the messages.

The master is responsible of polling nodes and also allocating/blocking new connection  andwidth. It is responsible for setting the piconet synchronization clock and as we will see decides for the frequency hopping sequence (FHS). A slave can be part of several piconets.

 

 

 

Figure 4: Bluetooth Scatternet

One major interesting feature of Bluetooth is that it is not dependent on the IP. This courageous design decision eases the deployment of devices that do not need to worry about upper layer problems such as address allocation, default router, netmask, etc. Auto configuration is hence much easier. In Bluetooth we identify several protocols:

 

Ø      Lower layer protocols: Baseband, LMP, L2CAP, service discovery

Ø      protocol (SDP)

Ø      Interfacing protocols: RFCOMM

Ø      Applicative control specifications: TCS Binary, AT Commands

Ø       Applicative protocols: PPP, TCP/IP, OBEX, WAP, vCard, VCal, WAE

4. IEEE 802.15.4 ARCHITECTURE FOR ZIGBEE

ZigBee is the architecture developed on top of the IEEE 802.15.4 reference stack model and takes full advantage of its powerful physical radio layer. IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee Alliance continue to work closely to ensure an integrated and complete solution for the market especially for sensor networking-based applications. ZigBee provides services such as security, discovery, profiling and so on for the two layers specified by the IEEE group.

As shown in Figure 5 the different topologies that can range from a centralized star or a cluster-tree-based architecture to a complete mesh network. In the last case there is a need to have an additional routing protocol.

 

 

 

Figure 5: Basic possible topologies and node categories in IEEE 802.15.4

A possible architecture for mesh network is shown in Figure 6: Mesh networking enables to increase range, reliability (self-healing) and formation of ad hoc networks where redundant  paths are provided.

 

 

 

Figure 6: Mesh Network of ZigBee

 

IEEE 802.15.4 is hence a low-rate wireless personal area network solution. It is designed to be simple for low-power devices and lightweight wireless networks. These devices rely on long-life battery normally measurable in years, but they do not claim any high throughput and should not be used in this field.

 

4.1 THE DATA RATES AND FEATURES

Ø       Data rates from 20 to 250 Kbps

Ø       Different topologies such as conventional star and mesh operation

Ø       Addressing based on short 16 bits or normal MAC (64 bits) addresses

Ø       Support of simple access and slotted allocation with guarantees

Ø       Support of acknowledged data transfer, and an optional beacon structure

Ø       Energy detection (ED)

Ø       Link quality indication (LQI)

Ø       Multilevel security.

5. IEEE802.16 STANDARDS AND WIMAX

The IEEE 802.16 group has started to produce recommendations for a relatively long period. The evolution of the wireless physical layers is seen in the different versions, the same way it can be noticed in IEEE 802.11 standard. That is why we can see a first physical layer implementing plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) like data rates with a line of sight restrictive condition.

 

Few years later, with the familiarization to OFDM, a new version has come up with “line of sight” restriction removed but with lower throughput.We did not see any IEEE 802.16 equipment in the first editions of the standard, not because the lack of products, but because of the unclear legislation in that area together with the wide deployment of fixed asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) wired lines.

Anyway IEEE 802.16, which is a MAN wireless architecture, currently offers two use cases and soon there will be a third means of interconnection. The first two methods are fixed backhaul and cellular like system. The third architecture is mesh interconnection.

5.1 BACKHAUL SOLUTIONS

The first use case is based on fixed IEEE 802.16 equipment. Independent of the used version, we can employ the technology in a fixed infrastructure as shown in Figure 7:

 

 

 

Figure 7: IEEE 802.16 first deployment scenario

In this scenario, the two possible cases are the deployment of point to point connections that can span tens of kilometers. The second scenario is the deployment of local loop alternatives to ADSL where the receiver is located inside each house or inside customer premises  as shown in Figure 8. The latter may use omni or angular antennae.

 

 

 

Figure 8: IEEE 802.16 second deployment scenario

5.2 MOBILE SOLUTIONS

The second use case of the standard is based on a different version and provides a mobility scheme for cellular like data transmission. In that case IEEE 802.16 provides the physical and MAC layer only to support the handover. It is different from the 3G family of standards that provide a complete architecture which includes management of the subscribers and the whole network, while IEEE 802.16 stops at layer 2. This also means that handover is done between contiguous base stations and is not provided for interdomain operation.

 

The standard is targeted to rural areas in the beginning of development especially when local loops are not available. It is in that case financially much more efficient and effective. Normally, the base stations reside in a central point accessible to the Internet and the outside world by satellite links or any other means. They connect to remote transceivers called customer premises equipments (CPEs).

 

The CPEs are for the time being located on top of the roofs and there should be a second technology that concentrates traffic from the whole building to that CPE. In a later view we would find the CPEs deployed in the residences themselves and hence we would not need anything else to interconnect the final customer to the IEEE 802.16 infrastructure. The usage of this technology is also regulated, since power has to be in the range of few watts and frequency is generally located in the 3.5 GHz band.

 

5.3 LAYERED ARCHITECTUE FOR WiMAX

IEEE 802.16 is again part of the IEEE 802 group and hence should conform to the bridging (or any layer-2 rules) concepts. The addressing is based on MAC addresses and the base station is seen as a bridge. Nothing prevents it to be a router, but it should implement all layer-2 functionalities also. Addressing, as it is going to be explained, is used as an identification for nodes, but the use of circuits with a circuit identifier replaces this address as long as the node is recognized by the network.

 

The layers are divided into a MAC and a physical layer. In the MAC layer several sublayers are defined. The first is called the service-specific and is the adaptation of IEEE 802.16 to the available packet types: ATM, Ethernet and IP. Of course, in practice it is only IP that is generalized in the available products.

 

The MAC sublayer is based on a connection-oriented principle. It is very close to the ATM transport protocol. The connection is using a context that describes the mapping between the incoming flows and the underlying Quality of Service (QoS). As we will see later, a station registers itself to the base station, negotiates the physical layer characteristics and then can communicate in directionally.

 

A service flow defines the negotiated QoS for all matching packets to service-specific sublayer. The QoS can be changed dynamically and it supports extremely well data bursts. Everything is negotiated for uplink and downlink separately.

 

6. SECURITY IN WI-FI SYSTEMS

Security in wireless networks gained an increasingly important interest since the publications of scientific articles which clearly describe the insufficiencies of the used mechanisms; particularly those concerning the IEEE 802.11/Wi-Fi systems. Confidentiality and authentication must be taken into account since most wireless architectures are connected to a fixed infrastructure.

 

Wi-Fi products, present on the market, mainly support security mechanisms proposed by IEEE 802.11 standards (802.11b/802.11i/WPA/WPA2) with some owners improvements.

 

6.1 BASIC MECHANISM

The IEEE 802.11 standard defines basic mechanisms to enhance security. These mechanisms are:

 

Ø      Access control

Ø      Authentication of stations which are connected to the network

Ø       Confidentiality and integrity of data thanks to the WEP protocol.

These mechanisms are limited to make secure exchanges between two stations. Unfortunately, these techniques cause many faults generating major security problems in IEEE 802.11 networks.

 

6.2 ACCESS CONTROL

Access control is performed mainly using two techniques based on the use of SSIDs and/or access control lists (ACLs).

 

Ø       SSID: the SSID is an identifier of the network represented by an alphanumeric code common to all the access points and stations forming the same network. Thus, if a user knows the SSID of the network, then it is able to reach it if not, its request will be rejected. Default values exist in the solutions suggested by the manufacturers and must be personalized by the administrators of these networks. This protection is weak because the access point periodically sends the SSID in clear in beacons frames which can be easily intercepted

Ø       ACL: the second technique of access control consists in using lists of access. Indeed, each access point has a list where are registered all the MAC addresses of authorized stations. The access point carries out a filtering on the basis of MAC addresses. Each list must be continuously updated, manually or by specialized software, in order to add or to remove users. This protection is also weak because only a passive listening of the network is sufficient to recover the MAC addresses

6.3 DATA CONFIDENTIALITY

This function requires the exchange or pre-shared encryption/decryption keys. The mechanism of exchange of keys is not specified by the standard but depends on the manufacturer’s choice. The data ciphering is carried out using the WEP algorithm.

 

6.4 ENCRYPTION

 

The standard IEEE 802.11 proposes a traditional data encryption technique based on using a symmetric key  that is the secret key as shown in Figure 9

 

 

 

Figure 9: Data encryption/decryption

Data protection is carried out thanks to the use of the encryption algorithm proposed by WEP which is done according to the diagram of Figure 10.

 

 

 

Figure 10: Data encryption/decryption using WEP

The message to be encrypted (called plaintext) undergoes a transformation using a function parameterized by a key. The result of the encryption algorithm is called cipher text and can then be transmitted. An intruder can then listen to or completely copy the cipher text. However, this intruder is supposed not to have the key of deciphering, what makes impossible the recovery of information sent in clear.

 

6.5 DECRYPTION.

The decryption algorithm, illustrated in Figure 11, includes the following steps:

 

Figure 11: Encrypted packet format

 

Ø       Generation of the decryption key from the IV of the received message and the identifier of the decryption key.

Ø       Decryption of the received message with the key to obtain the initial message.

Ø       Check of the integrity of the decrypted message by using ICV algorithm.

Ø       Comparison between the obtained ICV and transmitted ICV with the message; if an error is detected an indication of error is sent to the MAC layer and then transmitted to the transmitting station.

6.6 AUTHENTICATION MODELS

IEEE 802.11 standard proposes two authentication systems:

 

1)      The Open System Authentication (OSA) It is the first technique suggested by default. There is no explicit authentication; a station can join any access point and listen to data in clear within a cell. This mode is used if one chooses an easy use of the system without security management

 

2)       The shared key authentication (SKA)

 

6.7 KEY MANAGEMENT

No mechanism of distribution of keys is mentioned in the standard. Consequently, the equipment suppliers implement specific solutions in their products. Unfortunately, in the majority of the cases, it is not possible to verify the consistency of the implemented procedures; in spite of that security faults are always detected. WEP keys can be used in two manners:

 

1)       The first method provides a window with four keys (taking into account the reservation of 2 bits for their description in Key ID of the Stations and access points can decrypt frames using one of these four keys. Classically, only one key is used, it is introduced manually and is regarded as being the key by default.

2)       The second method is called key mapping table. In this method, each MAC address can have a separate key. This table at least contains ten entries and the maximum size is directly related to the chipset. Assign a separated key to each user permits to better protect the frames. Since keys can be only changed manually, the periodic validity of the life of the key remains an important problem. This solution consumes memory, is difficult to manage, and is error prone. For these reasons, it is often not implemented by many vendors.

7. SECURITY ARCHITECTURE FOR BLUETOOTH

The security model, illustrated by Figure 12, includes a security dedicated entity called Security Manager

 

 

 

Figure 12: Bluetooth security model

Before the establishment of a connection, the security manager decides which security policy to apply. This decision is based on the used service type and the distant device with which the communication will take place. Security information needed by the security manager is stored in two databases: the database of the physical devices and another for services.

 

7.1 SECURITY LEVELS

Bluetooth defines various security levels for peripherals and services. Each peripheral obtains a status when it connects, for the first time, to another peripheral.

 

In the Generic Access Profiles (GAP), three modes are defined:

 

Ø       Mode 1: none. No security function is activated, all Bluetooth devices may be freely connected.

 

Ø       Mode 2: application-level security. This mode guarantees a security after connection establishment. This mode supports various controls according to applications and associated functions act at application level.

 

Ø       Mode 3: link-level security. It is the most secure mode: it inherits from mode 2 functionalities by adding a preliminary control at the time of connection attempt.

 

Bluetooth offers three security levels:

 

1)       Authorized and authenticated

2)       Authenticated

3)       Free access

 

7.2 MAIN PROCEDURES

The initialization phase represents an important phase. It includes four tasks which are:

 

Ø       Generation of the initialization key

 

Ø       Authentication and generation of the authentication key

 

Ø       Exchange of link key

 

Ø       Generation of encryption key

 

Communications between various Bluetooth entities use a link key. This key of 128 bits is generated in a different way according to the communication type:

 

Ø       At initialization step

Ø       During the starting of a communication between two peripherals

Ø       During a communication initiated by only one device (initialization key),

Ø       During a communication between a master and several slaves

A total diagram describing the various phases is given by Figure 13. We assumed that only two peripherals A and B wish to communicate. The following steps occur:

 

I.      A and B switch on

II.      A and B communicate in order to establish a shared secret key for next communications

III.      A and B use the non-volatile stored key to exchange data

 

Figure 13: Bluetooth Security Mechanism

7.3 AUTHENTICATION

 

Bluetooth uses a challenge/response mechanism with shared symmetric keys. The authentication begins by emitting a request to another peripheral by exchanging BD ADDR and link key. Upon authentication, encryption is used to communicate. Without knowledge of PIN code, a peripheral cannot be recorded if the phase of authentication is activated. In order to facilitate the procedure, the PIN code can be stored inside the unit

 

Bluetooth uses a challenge/response exchange for authentication in which the knowledge of the requestor of the secret link keyKAB is controlled through a protocol applying symmetric keys. A temporary link key is used at the time of the first contact, thereafter the semi-permanent key shared by the two units A and B is used. The iterative per-block symmetric encryption algorithm E1 is used.

 

 

 

Figure 14: Authentication procedure

 

Unit A sends a random number, noted AU RANDA, with a code of authentication notedE1 for the unit B. The unit B calculates SRES and returns the result to unit A calculates SRESand will authenticate the unit B if SRES = SRES_. SRES is calculated by using algorithm SAFER + based on the E1 function which takes as input parameters (AU RANDA, address BD ADDR of the peripheral, current link key). At each authentication a new random number AU RANDA is generated.

 

8. ZIGBEE SECURITY

ZigBee is designed as a global hardware and software standard for wireless networking devices. Its main features are: highly reliable, low cost, low power, low data rates and highly secure. Three security levels are specified: none, ACLs and symmetric key employing AES 128-bit encryption. The concept of “trust centre” is used. We can use link and network keys. Two operations are supported: authentication and encryption. Security can be customized for applications and keys can be hardwired into applications.

 

Figure 15: ZigBee security architecture

8.1 ZIGBEE SECURITY ARCHITECTURE

Different types of keys are defined: master key, link key and network key.

 

Ø       The master key, designed for long-term security between two devices, can be set up over-the-air or by using out-of-band mechanisms (eavesdropping should be prevented during this setup phase). It is sent by the trust centre. It can also be a factory-installed option.

 

Ø       The link key is provided for security between two devices. It is derived from the master key. It can also be factory-installed option.

 

Ø       The network key serves to provide security across the network and protects against outsiders attacks. It can also be factory-installed option.

 

Link and network keys can be updated periodically. These keys need to be set up with and between new devices that join the network. If keys are set up over-the-air only, the last link is vulnerable to a one time eavesdrop attack. After a device joins it needs to store multiple keys.

 

8.2 AUTHENTICATION

 

Authentication provides assurance about the originator of the message. It prevents an attacker from modifying a hacked device to impersonate another device. Authentication is possible at network level or device level. Network-level authentication is achieved by using a common network key. This prevents outsider attacks while adding very little in memory cost. Device level authentication is achieved by using unique link keys between pairs of devices: This prevents insider and outsider attacks but has higher memory cost.

 

8.3 ENCRYPTION

 

Prevents an eavesdropper from listening to messages. ZigBee uses 128-bit AES encryption. Encryption protection is possible at network level or device level. Network-level encryption is achieved by using a common network key. This prevents outsider attacks while adding very little in memory cost. Device-level encryption is achieved by using unique link keys between pairs of devices. This prevents insider and outsider attacks but has higher memory cost. Encryption can be turned off without impacting freshness, integrity or authentication. Some applications may not need encryption protection.

 

9. WiMAX AND IEEE 802.16 SECURITY

The security is considered as a sublayer and implements privacy, authentication and confidentiality for the wireless network. Like IEEE 802.11 it is restricted to the link so it concerns connections between the base station and stations.

 

Since IEEE 802.16 is probably not used in a private context but for an operator willing to earn benefits from this service, the security system is normally robust against theft of service such as bandwidth, connections and so on. The base station is also protected against management attacks. Since the system is strongly centralized a certificate-based security is very suitable and easy to deploy.

 

9.1 SECURITY SERVICE

The security service is hence divided into two parts: the authentication/key derivation and the encryption

 

Figure 16: Security services

Like IPsec, IEEE 802.16 defines the security association (SA) that the base station and stations hold to support the application of security. They define Primary, Static and Dynamic SAs. Stations must have a primary SA at initialization. The static SA is only concerning base stations. Dynamic SAs are created and removed at the speed connections are created and removed. Static and dynamic SAs can be shared by several stations if the connection is a group communication.

In the SA we will find the negotiated cryptographic suite, its identifier called an SAID. The primary SAID is to manage the main connections with the base station and its SAID is equal to the primary CID. This SA is also responsible for storing keying material with its lifetime so that whenever an expiry happens a reeling happens between the station and its base. The defined suites in the IEEE 802.16 2004 define encryption, authentication and method for encryption, they were as follow:

 

Ø      No encryption and no authentication, 3DES 128

Ø      CBC 56-bit DES, no authentication and 3DES

Ø      No encryption, no authentication and RSA 1024

Ø      CBC 56-bit DES, no authentication and RSA 1024

Ø       CCM AES, no authentication and AES 128

9.2 SECURITY ENHANCEMENT FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

The new features are mainly related to three things:

 

Ø       EAP integration in the authentication phase

Ø       A version two PKM algorithm

Ø       Group key derivation

Ø       Another integrity check method called Cipher-based MAC

Ø       Mention of pre-authentication but no proposals yet

As for the pre-authentication, it simply means that a node should derive the AK before it moves to another base station. How this is done and when is not really explained and is left for any eventual next version of the standard. We use the PKMv2. It uses a slightly different key hierarchy that defines what keys are necessary and how they are generated. It is different due to the presence of two authentication systems, one based on RSA and the other on EAP.

The first keys are used to protect management message integrity and transport the traffic encryption keys (TEK). The TEK are derived through the first keys plus as usual some exchanged parameters in the initialization. They rename the RSA-generated keys as the pre-primary AK (pre-PAK), and the ones generated through EAP-based authentication as the mobile station keys MSK where MSK is a shared “master key” derived by two peers.

 

Figure 17: PKMv2 used in mobile 802.16

 

The mobile station keys MSK where MSK is a shared “master key” derived by two peers.

The general procedure to extract AK from those is as follows:

10. SUMMARY

 

For Wi-Fi technology, an important list of security faults was detected because mainly of the weaknesses of protocol WEP and the absence of mechanism of key distribution. However, some attacks are still possible like dictionary and DoS attacks.

 

Security procedures in Bluetooth are more elaborate than in Wi-Fi, but there are always weaknesses. Authorization system must be reinforced. This is possible without changing the protocol stack but by modifying the security manager and the initialization procedure. Other improvements are possible.

 

ZigBee provides pretty good security mechanisms for low rate and short range wireless systems. These mechanisms are settled in combination between layer 2 and high layers. Revocation is not supported but next versions of the standard will probably include it.

 

WiMAX security applies a classical approach based on using certificates. Also the use of EAP makes WiMAX security similar to the one adopted in Wi-Fi networks. Beyond the information and sensitizing of users, it is essential to configure its network in a protected way. This step includes configuration of link and transport layers but also periodic audit and permanent monitoring of its network.

 

11. EWFERENCES

[1]   L.M.S.C of the IEEE Computer Society, “Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications: Higher-Speed Physical Layer Extension in the 2.4 GHz Band”, IEEE Standard 802.11b, 1999 editions, 1999

 

[2]   Specification of the Bluetooth System, volumes 1 and 2, version 1.0B December 1999.

[3]   Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications: Medium Access Control (MAC) Enhancements for Quality of Service (QoS), IEEE 802.11e/D4.0, 2003.

 

[4]   Geier J., Wireless LANs, Wiley, New York, 2000.

 

[5]   Geier J., Wireless LANs: Implementing High Performance IEEE 802.11 Networks, 2nd edition, SAMS, 2002.

 

[6]   Haarsten J.C., “The Bluetooth Radio System”, IEEE Personal Communications Magazine, volume 7, pp.28–36, February 2000.

 

[7]   http://www.hiperlan2.com

 

[8]   http://www.bluetooth.com

 

[9]   http://ieee802.org/16/

 

[10]                       http://csrc.nist.gov/encryption/aes/

 

[11]                       http://www.securiteinfo.com/crypto/802 11.shtml

 

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Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness $12.98 Questions for Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein Amazon.com: What do you mean by “nudge” and why do people sometimes need to be nudged? Thaler and Sunstein: By a nudge we mean anything that influences our choices. A school cafeteria might try to nudge kids toward good diets by putting the healthiest foods at front. We think that it’s time for institutions, including go…

The Essential Garden Design Workbook: Second Edition $15.97 The Essential Garden Design Workbook guides the reader through every stage of planning a garden — how to survey a site, how to choose landscaping materials, and how to develop planting schemes. This fully revised and updated second edition features new U.S. case studies and new photographs. Valuable tips on green gardening are new to this edition, and include how to harvest rainwater, how to desi…

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Computer Organization and Architecture by Stallings, William Edition , 6 $57.99 This book provides a clear, comprehensive presentation of the latest developments in the organization and architecture of modern-day computers, emphasizing both fundamental principles and the critical role of performance in driving computer design. A basic reference and companion for self-study, it conveys concepts through a wealth of concrete examples highlighting modern CISC and RISC systems. A five-part organization covers: an overview, the computer system, the central processing unit, the control unit, and parallel organization. For computer engineers and architects, product marketing personnel in computer or communications companies, and for information systems and computer systems personnel.

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The Professional Practice of Landscape Architecture by Rogers, Walter Edition ILL, 2 $32.99 The all-inclusive reference to starting and operating a landscape architecture firmThe Professional Practice of Landscape Architecture, Second Edition is completely revised to keep up with the latest developments driving the day-to-day operation of a successful private-practice landscape architecture office. Whether helping a landscape architecture student identify a career track, providing direction on starting a new office, guiding an owner seeking to jumpstart a stagnant or fledgling business, or assisting a landscape architect-in-training study for the national Landscape Architecture Registration Exam (LARE), this single-source blueprint is the key to prospering in this dynamic field. This new edition features:Indispensible information for practicing landscape architects, including professional ethics, finances, office administration, marketing and promotion, and project managementAn updated look at government regulatory laws, federal tax administration, sustainable design, and LEED certificationStrategies for using the Internet, computer software, and technology to market and manage a firmExamples of professional contract templatesCase study profiles of landscape architecture firmsRequirements for professional registration and criteria for taking the national examThis comprehensive and practical reference combines real-world experience with the highest professional standards to instruct the reader on business concepts. Expertly organized and easy to follow, The Professional Practice of Landscape Architecture, Second Edition continues to be the one source that landscape architects need to direct all facets of their practice.

Enterprise Marketing Management by Sutton, Dave; Klein, Tom; Zyman, Sergio Edition ILL, 1 $23.99 A groundbreaking paradigm that takes a scientific approach to marketing practiceTop executives at the renowned Zyman Marketing Group introduce a revolutionary new method for marketing managers—Enterprise Marketing Management (EMM). EMM systematically links marketing to all the essential functions within an organization, realigning the enterprise to put marketing efforts and customer service at its core. With an introduction by marketing guru Sergio Zyman, Enterprise Marketing Management covers topics such as brand architecture, investment measurement, and how to engineer creativity. EMM, adopted by many Z-Marketing clients, is a proven strategy for transforming organizations and achieving bottom-line results.Dave Sutton (Atlanta, GA) is President/CEO of Zyman Marketing Group. He has more than eighteen years of experience in management and technology consulting. He is a frequent speaker on brand strategy, marketing strategy, and e-business strategy, and serves as President of the Strategic Leadership Forum. He is regularly quoted in Fortune, Forbes, eCompany Now, Upside, and the Chicago Tribune. Tom Klein (Atlanta, GA) is Vice President of Zyman Marketing Group. He has fifteen years of experience in strategy, information technology, and brand marketing.

Architecture $7.46 This book is in New – Excellent condition

101 Things I Learned in Business School $15 101 THINGS I LEARNED IN BUSINESS SCHOOL will cover a wide range of lessons that are basic enough for the novice business student as well as inspiring to the experienced practitioner. The unique packaging of this book will attract people of all ages who have always wondered whether business school would be a smart career choice for them. Judging by the growing number of people taking the GMATs (the entrance exam for business school) each year, clearly more people than ever are thinking about heading in this direction.Subjects include accounting, finance, marketing, management, leadership, human relations, and much more – in short, everything one would expect to encounter in business school.Illustrated in the same fun, gift book format as 101 THINGS I LEARNED IN ARCHITECTURE SCHOOL, this will be the perfect gift for a recent college or high school grad, or even for someone already well-versed in the business world.

101 Things I Learned in Business School $9.99 101 THINGS I LEARNED IN BUSINESS SCHOOL will cover a wide range of lessons that are basic enough for the novice business student as well as inspiring to the experienced practitioner. The unique packaging of this book will attract people of all ages who have always wondered whether business school would be a smart career choice for them. Judging by the growing number of people taking the GMATs (the entrance exam for business school) each year, clearly more people than ever are thinking about heading in this direction.Subjects include accounting, finance, marketing, management, leadership, human relations, and much more – in short, everything one would expect to encounter in business school.Illustrated in the same fun, gift book format as 101 THINGS I LEARNED IN ARCHITECTURE SCHOOL, this will be the perfect gift for a recent college or high school grad, or even for someone already well-versed in the business world.

2012 Marketing Survey: Of Architecture, Engineering, Planning and Environmental Consulting Firms $395 ZweigWhite,Paperback, English-language edition,Pub by ZweigWhite

500 Simple Website Hints, Tips, and Techniques $5.02 More and more people are setting up their own websites for personal or professional purposes. This convenient, easy-to-use guide offers solid, jargon-free advice on the basics of website design. Learn exactly how to plan a site, with an introduction to information architecture, tools, scripting basics, file and image formats, choosing and buying a domain name, and testing procedures. Key design aspects, such as colors, typefaces, and rollovers are also explained, along with tips on marketing, quick loading, and fun extras like Flash animation. Want a website? Build a website, with help from 500 Simple Website Hints, Tips, and Techniques.

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ADSL Standards, Implementation, and Architecture $29.5 New – With its promise of high speed Internet access, Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) techniques are now making their way out of the laboratory and into the general consumer market. ADSL: Standards, Implementation, and Architecture provides a detailed treatment of current ADSL standards along with overviews of the implementation, marketing, and architectural issues involved in the rollout of ADSL technology.

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Acme Glamour Business Card Cas $39 The Acme Glamour Business Card CasEven while studying architecture,Dieter Sieger, the founder of SIEGER DESIGN, started to realize his own projects. He built entire estates in Germany and other countries in between – this was his first career as an architect. The second – as a shipbuilder – followed when the passionate sailor started to fit out yachts, both sailing and motor yachts. His love of detail established his third career as industrial designer in the 80 s when he modernized the bathroom facilities on the boats. Sieger Design, located at castle Harkotten in Germany and run by sons Christian and Michael (shown above), is today one of the most famous design offices of Europe.The team of 30 employees works together with over 300 designers worldwide. Brand names like Ritzenhoff, Dornbracht, Kaldewei, fittings, fair stands and even cups with Mickey Mouse and Snoopy etc. were created at Sieger Design. From the initial idea to the marketing strategy, from the design to product development right up to and including packaging.Ideal for carrying business cards, credit cards or our Wallet Cards.Secure clasp closure.Dimensions: 3 3/4W x 1/4D x 2 1/4H; 1.73 ozPlease see other collections in Acme Business Card Case.ADDITIONAL INFO: Genuine Product from Acme. Buy from Authorized Major dealer only , with confidenceBrand New Product. Guaranteed for quality.

Acme Studio Etched Rollerball Pen $75 Even while studying architecture,Dieter Sieger, the founder of SIEGER DESIGN, started to realize his own projects. He built entire estates in Germany and other countries in between – this was his first career as an architect. The second – as a shipbuilder – followed when the passionate sailor started to fit out yachts, both sailing and motor yachts. His love of detail established his third career as industrial designer in the 80 s when he modernized the bathroom facilities on the boats. Sieger Design, located at castle Harkotten in Germany and run by sons Christian and Michael (shown above), is today one of the most famous design offices of Europe.The team of 30 employees works together with over 300 designers worldwide. Brand names like Ritzenhoff, Dornbracht, Kaldewei, fittings, fair stands and even cups with Mickey Mouse and Snoopy etc. were created at Sieger Design. From the initial idea to the marketing strategy, from the design to product development right up to and including packaging. ADDITIONAL INFO: Genuine product from Acme. Buy from Authorized Major dealer only , with confidence Brand New Condition. Guaranteed for quality. WARRANTY: 1 year warranty from Acme.

Acme Typology Business Card Case $40 The Acme Typology Business Card Case. Even while studying architecture,Dieter Sieger, the founder of SIEGER DESIGN, started to realize his own projects. He built entire estates in Germany and other countries in between – this was his first career as an architect. The second – as a shipbuilder – followed when the passionate sailor started to fit out yachts, both sailing and motor yachts. His love of detail established his third career as industrial designer in the 80?s when he modernized the bathroom facilities on the boats. Sieger Design, located at castle Harkotten in Germany and run by sons Christian and Michael (shown above), is today one of the most famous design offices of Europe.The team of 30 employees works together with over 300 designers worldwide. Brand names like Ritzenhoff, Dornbracht, Kaldewei, fittings, fair stands and even cups with Mickey Mouse and Snoopy etc. were created at Sieger Design. From the initial idea to the marketing strategy, from the design to product development right up to and including packaging. Ideal for carrying business cards, credit cards or our Wallet Cards. Secure clasp closure. Dimentions: 3 3/4W x 1/4D x 2 1/4H; 1.73 oz. Please see other collections in Acme Business Card Case. ADDITIONAL INFO: Genuine Product from Acme. Buy from Authorized Major dealer Pen Boutique with confidence. Brand New Product. Guaranteed for quality.

Acme Writing Tools Typology Rollerball Pen $75 The Acme Writing Tools Typology Rollerball Pen. Even while studying architecture, Dieter Sieger, the founder of SIEGER DESIGN, started to realize his own projects. He built entire estates in Germany and other countries in between – this was his first career as an architect. The second – as a shipbuilder – followed when the passionate sailor started to fit out yachts, both sailing and motor yachts. His love of detail established his third career as industrial designer in the 80 s when he modernized the bathroom facilities on the boats. Sieger Design, located at castle Harkotten in Germany and run by sons Christian and Michael (shown above), is today one of the most famous design offices of Europe. The team of 30 employees works together with over 300 designers worldwide. Brand names like Ritzenhoff, Dornbracht, Kaldewei, fittings, fair stands and even cups with Mickey Mouse and Snoopy etc. were created at Sieger Design. From the initial idea to the marketing strategy, from the design to product development right up to and including packaging.ADDITIONAL INFO: Genuine Product from Acme. Buy from Authorized Major dealer Only, with confidence. Brand New Product. Guaranteed for quality.

Advanced Marketing Techniques for Architecture and Engineering Firms $72.68 New

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Architectural Photography the Digital Way $12.05 Used – More than ever, particularly in this day of online media, architects and designers are increasingly faced with exciting and critical marketing and publishing opportunities. Simply documenting a project is no longer enough. Successful design practices are providing high-quality images to architecture magazines, newspapers, and websites. But well-executed professional photography can be expensive and, depending on the project, you might not always want to spend the extra money. Fortunately,

Architectural Photography the Digital Way $14.15 Used – More than ever, particularly in this day of online media, architects and designers are increasingly faced with exciting and critical marketing and publishing opportunities. Simply documenting a project is no longer enough. Successful design practices are providing high-quality images to architecture magazines, newspapers, and websites. But well-executed professional photography can be expensive and, depending on the project, you might not always want to spend the extra money. Fortunately,

Architectural Photography: The Digital Way $14.15 More than ever, particularly in this day of online media, architects and designers are increasingly faced with exciting and critical marketing and publishing opportunities. Simply documenting a project is no longer enough. Successful design practices are providing high-quality images to architecture magazines, newspapers, and websites. But well-executedprofessional photography can be expensive and, depending on the project, you might not always want to spend the extra money. Fortunately, the digital revolution in photography has made it possible to do-it-yourself, and in a way that is compatible with the new demands of digital printing and presentation. Architectural Photography the Digital Way teaches the reader how to take first-rate photographs of buildings, inside and out. Step-by-step instructions help you learn how to choose the right kind of camera, to use it effectively, and to enhance and manipulate your images. This complete course begins with an introduction to the world of digital imagery and its unique aesthetic considerations. Included are detailed instructions on how to photograph building exteriors and interiors of every scale and in any lighting condition. Advanced chapters cover areas such as perspective correction and other features made possible by image-editing software. Illustrated with a wealth of color photographs and diagrams, this clearly written, easy-to-use handbook will be your indispensable guide whenever you pick up the camera.

Architecture Design and Assessment System $38 Waylon Christian Terryn (Editor),Paperback, English-language edition,Pub by International Book Marketing Service Ltd

Architecture in Detail: Colors $30 Oscar Riera Ojeda is an editor and designer who practices worldwide from his Boston and New York offices. He is vice-director of the Spanish magazine Casas Internacional and is the creator of a number of architectural books for Rockport Publishers, including the Single Building series, Ten Houses series, Contemporary World Architects series, Architecture in Detail series, and Art and Architecture. He lives in Brookline, Massachusetts. James McCown is a writer and marketing executive. He serves as architecture critic forBoston magazine and also writes regularly for Architecture, Art New England, and Architecture Boston. He holds a B.A. from Loyola University New Orleans and is completing a master’s degree in the history of art and architecture at Harvard University. He lives in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Architectures for E-Business Systems: Building the Foundation for Tomorrow’s Success $129.95 As dot.com companies grapple with rigid market conditions and we keep hearing how the big technology players are being punished on Wall Street, it becomes easy to think of the Internet as a fad. The Internet frenzy may have subsided, but interest in the Internet as a business and marketing tool is still strong. It will continue to impact organizations and create opportunities. Sooner or later every organization will use the Internet for some facet, large or small, of its business. Architecture for e-Business Systems: Building the Foundation for Tomorrow’s Success provides complete coverage of best practices and architecture applications. The book gives hands-on details to the IT manager faced with the daunting task of transitioning 40 years worth of computing detritus supporting a brick-and-mortar operation into an online business – melding the walk-in customer with the surf-in customer. It highlights strategy and planning, e-enabled business solutions, wireless and mobile business solutions, project development approaches, e-enabled architecture and design, toolkits, testing, performance, and security. The Internet will continue to impact individuals and organizations. Companies looking to grow their business through the Internet will find numerous new opportunities. With its focus on strategic and tactical knowledge Architecture for e-Business Systems: Building the Foundation for Tomorrow’s Success shows you how to successfully build and deploy Internet applications that stand up to the rigors of today’s demanding business environment.

Australian Technology Network $19.99 Purchase includes free access to book updates online and a free trial membership in the publisher’s book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: Rmit University, University of Technology, Sydney, Francis Ormond, University of South Australia, Curtin University of Technology, Queensland University of Technology, Rmit School of Media and Communication, History of the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Rmit City, Old Melbourne Gaol, Rmit Music, Rmit School of Applied Communication, 3rrr, Rmit Union, Rmit International University, Vietnam, List of Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology People, Margaret Gardner, Rmit School of Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, Raaf Williams, Emily Mcpherson College of Domestic Economy, Australian Technology Network, Academic Dress of the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, List of Clubs and Societies of the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Rmit School of Creative Media, Rmit School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dennis Gibson, Catalyst, Rmit Student Union, Rmitv, Rmit Spiritual Centre, Rmit School of Business It and Logistics, Rmit School of Computer Science and Information Technology, Storey Hall, Capitol Theatre, Melbourne, Rmit University Library, Former Melbourne Magistrates’ Court, Rmit Redbacks, Rmit Racing, Rmit School of Global Studies, Social Science and Planning, Rmit School of Management, Rmit School of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Rmit School of Life and Physical Sciences, Rmit School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rmit School of Property, Construction and Project Management, Rmit School of Architecture and Design, Rmit Graduate School of Business and Law, Rmit School of Health Sciences, Rmit School of Medical Sciences, Rmit School of Accounting and Law, Rmit Tafe School of Design, Rmit School of Applied Sciences, Rmit School of Economics, Finance and Marketing, Rmit Tafe School of Engineering, Rmit

Authentic Personal Branding $24.99 “In Authentic Personal Branding, Hubert Rampersad has provided a sorely needed guidebook for knowledge workers. He shows us all how to build our own personal brand-and just as important-how to persuasively communicate this brand to the world. . . . I love his focus on authenticity. . . . My request to you, the reader,is-make this book part of your life. Don’t just read this book for its “interesting” content. Don’t be content with a few “aha” moments. Make it part of your life planning-and ultimately part of your life! If you do, you can become a more integrated and successful person-and better enable your company to help you make a positive difference in our world!”- From the Foreword by Marshall Goldsmith Author of What Got You Here Won’t Get You There”Hubert Rampersad has a knack for preparing comprehensive frameworks for analyzing important issues. . . . The four stage model that he suggests proposes an explicit way to turn a desired external identity into something concrete and actionable. . . . It’s a wonderful step by step approach to making a desired brand explicit. . . . The mental models and their related investigative questions will help you know where you are today so you can get to where you want to be tomorrow. . . . This book offers an architecture to turn these ideas into action.”-From the Afterword by Dave Ulrich Professor of Business, University of Michigan This book offers a new way to define, formulate and implement a sustainable, powerful, authentic, consistent, and memorable personal brand identity. Authentic Personal Branding entails a systematic and integrated journey towards self-awareness, joy, happiness, and marketing success, which is based on several new models, guidelines and tools that have been proven in practice. A way of life in conformity with this system results in flow; which is a journey into the inner self, where your genius, values,hopes, dreams and aspirations lie quietly waiting to be discovered. Taking

Authentic Personal Branding $149.76 “In Authentic Personal Branding, Hubert Rampersad has provided a sorely needed guidebook for knowledge workers. He shows us all how to build our own personal brand-and just as important-how to persuasively communicate this brand to the world. . . . I love his focus on authenticity. . . . My request to you, the reader,is-make this book part of your life. Don’t just read this book for its “interesting” content. Don’t be content with a few “aha” moments. Make it part of your life planning-and ultimately part of your life! If you do, you can become a more integrated and successful person-and better enable your company to help you make a positive difference in our world!”- From the Foreword by Marshall Goldsmith Author of What Got You Here Won’t Get You There”Hubert Rampersad has a knack for preparing comprehensive frameworks for analyzing important issues. . . . The four stage model that he suggests proposes an explicit way to turn a desired external identity into something concrete and actionable. . . . It’s a wonderful step by step approach to making a desired brand explicit. . . . The mental models and their related investigative questions will help you know where you are today so you can get to where you want to be tomorrow. . . . This book offers an architecture to turn these ideas into action.”-From the Afterword by Dave Ulrich Professor of Business, University of Michigan This book offers a new way to define, formulate and implement a sustainable, powerful, authentic, consistent, and memorable personal brand identity. Authentic Personal Branding entails a systematic and integrated journey towards self-awareness, joy, happiness, and marketing success, which is based on several new models, guidelines and tools that have been proven in practice. A way of life in conformity with this system results in flow; which is a journey into the inner self, where your genius, values,hopes, dreams and aspirations lie quietly waiting to be discovered. Taking

Brand Leadership $1 Used – With coauthor Erich Joachimsthaler, Aaker takes brand management to the next level–strategic brand leadership. Required reading for every marketing manager is the authors’ conceptualization of “brand architecture”–how multiple brands relate to each other–and their insights on the hot new area of Internet branding. Drawing on more than 300 case studies of brand strategy from leading firms such as Polo Ralph Lauren, Virgin Airlines, and General Electric, the authors break new ground by c

Brand Leadership $0.63 Used – With coauthor Erich Joachimsthaler, Aaker takes brand management to the next level–strategic brand leadership. Required reading for every marketing manager is the authors’ conceptualization of “brand architecture”–how multiple brands relate to each other–and their insights on the hot new area of Internet branding. Drawing on more than 300 case studies of brand strategy from leading firms such as Polo Ralph Lauren, Virgin Airlines, and General Electric, the authors break new ground by c

Branding in Commerce & Marketing $26.03 New – The concept of branding is one of the most important, familiar, and useful in modern commerce and marketing. One important feature of “Branding in Commerce and Marketing” is the fresh look at branding architecture (i.e.: alternative brand naming strategies, along with proposals for making brand structuring and interpretation more coherent). This book dissects some vexing conceptual and even semantic issues surrounding the venerable word ‘brand’ itself and explores the usefulness of the con

Branding in Commerce & Marketing $49.05 Used – The concept of branding is one of the most important, familiar, and useful in modern commerce and marketing. One important feature of “Branding in Commerce and Marketing” is the fresh look at branding architecture (i.e.: alternative brand naming strategies, along with proposals for making brand structuring and interpretation more coherent). This book dissects some vexing conceptual and even semantic issues surrounding the venerable word ‘brand’ itself and explores the usefulness of the co

Branding in Commerce & Marketing $26.03 Used – The concept of branding is one of the most important, familiar, and useful in modern commerce and marketing. One important feature of “Branding in Commerce and Marketing” is the fresh look at branding architecture (i.e.: alternative brand naming strategies, along with proposals for making brand structuring and interpretation more coherent). This book dissects some vexing conceptual and even semantic issues surrounding the venerable word ‘brand’ itself and explores the usefulness of the co

Branding in Commerce & Marketing $49.05 New – The concept of branding is one of the most important, familiar, and useful in modern commerce and marketing. One important feature of “Branding in Commerce and Marketing” is the fresh look at branding architecture (i.e.: alternative brand naming strategies, along with proposals for making brand structuring and interpretation more coherent). This book dissects some vexing conceptual and even semantic issues surrounding the venerable word ‘brand’ itself and explores the usefulness of the con